1. ABOUT THE DATASET -------------------- Title: Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people systematic review and network meta-analysis: effect estimates and findings dataset Creators: Thomas Frederick Crocker[1], Natalie Lam[1], Joie Ensor[2], Magda Jordão[1], Ram Bajpai[2], Matthew Bond[2], Anne Forster[1], Richard Riley[2], Deirdre Andre[3], Caroline Brundle[1], John Green[1], Matthew Hale[1], Jessica Morgan[4], Eleftheria Patetsini[1], Matthew Prescott[1], Ridha Ramiz[1], Rebecca Walford[4], John Gladman[5], Andrew Clegg[1] Organisations: 1: Academic Unit for Ageing and Stroke Research (University of Leeds), Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK 2: Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK 3: Research Support Team, Leeds University Library, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK 4: Geriatric Medicine, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK 5: Centre for Rehabilitation & Ageing Research, Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, University of Nottingham and Health Care of Older People, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK Rights-holders: Unless otherwise stated, Copyright 2024 University of Leeds Publication Year: 2024 Description: This dataset contains the study effect estimates, and findings from network meta-analyses, for community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people. These datasets were produced in the course of conducting a systematic review registered with PROSPERO: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019162195 Cite as: Crocker TF, Lam N, Ensor J, Jordão M, Bajpai R, Bond M, et al. (2023) Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people systematic review and network meta-analysis: effect estimates and findings dataset. University of Leeds. [Dataset] https://doi.org/10.5518/1377 Related publications: Clegg A, Crocker T, Forster A, Gladman J, Riley R, Ensor J, et al. Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019162195. 2019. URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019162195 (Accessed 23 November 2022). Crocker TF, Clegg A, Riley RD, Lam N, Bajpai R, Jordão M, et al. Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021;11:e045637. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045637 Crocker TF, Ensor J, Lam N, Jordão M, Bajpai R, Bond M, et al. Community based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2024; in press. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077764 Crocker TF, Lam N, Ensor J, Jordão M, Bajpai R, Bond M, et al. Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess in press. Crocker TF, Lam N, Jordão M, Brundle C, Prescott M, Forster A, et al. Risk-of-bias assessment using RoB2 was useful but challenging and resource-intensive: observations from a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.06.015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.06.015 Crocker TF, Lam N, Jordão M, Brundle C, Prescott M, Forster A, et al. (2023) Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people systematic review and network meta-analysis: risk-of-bias dataset. University of Leeds. [Dataset] https://doi.org/10.5518/1386 Contact: Tom Crocker, medtcro@leeds.ac.uk 2. TERMS OF USE --------------- Copyright 2024 University of Leeds. Unless otherwise stated, this dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 3. PROJECT AND FUNDING INFORMATION ---------------------------------- Title: Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis Dates: 2020-2022 Funding organisation: National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme Grant no.: NIHR128862 URLs: https://www.fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR128862 https://medicinehealth.leeds.ac.uk/directory_record/1314/community-based-complex-interventions-to-sustain-independence-in-older-people Ethics approval was not sought as this systematic review was secondary research using aggregated, anonymised data that is available in the public domain. 4. CONTENTS ----------- included_studies.pdf contains a PRISMA 2020 diagram and the references for each of the 129 studies included in the systematic review. Intervention groups.xlsx contains details of the groups to which eligible interventions were classified, based on their components, and a count of the interventions so classified. Labels are combinations of the following: ac available care ADL activities of daily living training aids provision of aids and adaptions cgn cognitive training comm technology for communication and engagement educ education eng engagement in meaningful activities exrc exercise hmcr homecare hmnt alternative medicine med medication-review mfa multifactorial-action mfar multifactorial-action and follow-on routine review mntr-mfa monitoring, which may trigger multifactorial-action ntr nutritional support psyc psychological therapy rsk-mfa risk screening, which may trigger multifactorial-action sst social skills training vchr care voucher provision wlfr welfare rights advice w/med with medication-review (not a component but an aspect of multifactorial-action from care planning) w/slfm with self-management strategies (not a component but an aspect of multifactorial-action from care planning) study effect estimate tables nma binary outcomes.xlsx contains the study effect estimates for all binary outcomes included in meta-analyses. Data are organised with one arm/group per row, for each intersection of outcome x timeframe for a study. - N Number of participants - Events Number of events for the outcome - OR Odds ratio for the comparison - LCI Lower bound of 95% confidence interval of OR - UCI Upper bound of 95% confidence interval of OR - Analysis The network meta-analysis that the data contributed to (outcome-timeframe-network; see below) study effect estimate tables nma continuous outcomes.xlsx contains the study effect estimates for all continuous outcomes included in meta-analyses. As above (where included) except: - Mean The group mean for the outcome - SD The standard deviation of the group mean - SMD The standardised mean difference for the comparison - LCI Lower bound of 95% confidence interval of SMD - UCI Upper bound of 95% confidence interval of SMD NMA estimate and rank tables.xlsx contains the matrix tables of direct (pairwise) and mixed (network) meta-analysis results, and the tables of intervention rankings, for each network. Each entwork is presented on a separate sheet. Sheets are labelled outcome-timeframe-network, where: - outcome lah living at home cha care-home placement hosp hospitalisation iadl instrumental activities of daily living padl personal activities of daily living sph health status/health-related quality of life dep depression mort mortality - timeframe t1 Short term t2 Medium term t3 Long term - network ac available care as reference comparator hmcr homecare as reference comparator all the network wasn't split (available care as reference comparator) 5. METHODS ---------- This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and trial registries from inception to August 2021, without restrictions, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs (follow-up ≥ 24 weeks) of community-based complex interventions for sustaining independence of older people (mean age 65+) living at home. Two authors independently extracted summary data. Interventions were coded, summarised and grouped. A random-effects NMA was used. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. The protocol has been published (Crocker, et al. 2021). Details particularly relevant for understanding this dataset are provided below. In the systematic review we categorised results data into three timeframes: Label Target timept Range Short term 6 months 24 weeks to 9 months Medium term 12 months > 9 months to 18 months Long term 24 months > 18 months Where more than one timepoint was reported for an outcome within a range specified above we used the timepoint nearest to the target timepoint. Because of the large number of outcomes and multiple timeframes, we limited many analyses to the medium-term timeframe only. We anticipated that the medium term would be of particular interest to commissioners and older people, would be most likely to allow sufficient time for effects to be realised but not washed out, and when most data would be available. We conducted analyses of the following binary outcomes: • living at home (short, medium and long term); • care-home placement (short, medium and long term); • hospitalisation (medium term); and • mortality (medium term); and the following continuous outcomes: • instrumental activities of daily living (short, medium and long term); • personal activities of daily living (short, medium and long term); • health status/health-related quality of life (medium term); and • depression (medium term). Lack of data meant the network of comparisons that could be incorporated in analysis was was divided into two networks for all outcomes except mortality. Therefore, we present two analyses for all other outcomes and timeframes (where possible), one with available care as the reference comparator (available-care network) and one with homecare as the reference comparator (homecare network). 6. INCLUDED STUDIES ------------------- We included 129 studies in total (not all provided suitable information for inclusion in meta-analysis). Primary sources for the studies (and therefore the data included in this dataset) are as follows. Alegria M, Frontera W, Cruz-Gonzalez M, Markle SL, Trinh-Shevrin C, Wang Y, et al. Effectiveness of a Disability Preventive Intervention for Minority and Immigrant Elders: The Positive Minds-Strong Bodies Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019;27:1299–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.08.008 Arthanat S. Promoting Information Communication Technology Adoption and Acceptance for Aging-in-Place: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Gerontol 2021;40:471-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819891045 Auvinen K, Voutilainen A, Jyrkkä J, Lönnroos E, Mäntyselkä P. Interprofessional medication assessment among home care patients: any impact on functioning? Results from a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2020;20:390–. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01796-1 Balaban DJ, Goldfarb NI, Perkel RL, Carlson BL. Follow-up study of an urban family medicine home visit program. J Fam Pract 1988;26:307–12. Barenfeld E, Dahlin-Ivanoff S, Wallin L, Gustafsson S. Promoting aging migrants' capabilities: A randomized controlled trial concerning activities of daily living and self-rated health. AIMS Public Health 2018;5:173–88. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2018.2.173 Bernabei R, Landi F, Gambassi G, Sgadari A, Zuccala G, Mor V, et al. Randomised trial of impact of model of integrated care and case management for older people living in the community. BMJ 1998;316:1348–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1348 Bleijenberg N, Drubbel I, Schuurmans MJ, Dam HT, Zuithoff NP, Numans ME, et al. Effectiveness of a proactive primary care program on preserving daily functioning of older people: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016;64:1779–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14325 Blom J, den Elzen W, van Houwelingen AH, Heijmans M, Stijnen T, Van den Hout W, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a proactive, goal-oriented, integrated care model in general practice for older people. A cluster randomised controlled trial: Integrated Systematic Care for older People--the ISCOPE study. Age Ageing 2016;45:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv174 Borrows A, Holland R. Independent living centre occupational therapy (OT) versus routine community OT. Int J Ther Rehabil 2013;20:187–94. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2013.20.4.187 Botjes E. Methodebeschrijving EigenKrachtWijzer: Databank Effectieve sociale interventies Report: Movisie; 2013. URL: https://www.movisie.nl/sites/movisie.nl/files/2018-03/Methodebeschrijving-eigenkrachtwijzer.pdf (Accessed 17 May 2020). Bouman A, van Rossum E, Ambergen T, Kempen G, Knipschild P. Effects of a home visiting program for older people with poor health status: a randomized, clinical trial in The Netherlands. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:397–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01565.x Brettschneider C, Luck T, Fleischer S, Roling G, Beutner K, Luppa M, et al. Cost-utility analysis of a preventive home visit program for older adults in Germany. BMC Health Serv Res 2015;15:141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0817-0 Cameron ID, Fairhall N, Langron C, Lockwood K, Monaghan N, Aggar C, et al. A multifactorial interdisciplinary intervention reduces frailty in older people: randomized trial. BMC Med 2013;11:65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-65 Carpenter GI, Demopoulos GR. Screening the elderly in the community: controlled trial of dependency surveillance using a questionnaire administered by volunteers. BMJ 1990;300:1253–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6734.1253 Cesari M, Demougeot L, Boccalon H, Guyonnet S, Vellas B, Andrieu S. The Multidomain Intervention to preveNt disability in ElDers (MINDED) project: rationale and study design of a pilot study. Contemp Clin Trials 2014;38:145–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2014.04.006 Challis D, Clarkson P, Williamson J, Hughes J, Venables D, Burns A, et al. The value of specialist clinical assessment of older people prior to entry to care homes. Age Ageing 2004;33:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afh007 Clark F, Azen SP, Zemke R, Jackson J, Carlson M, Mandel D, et al. Occupational therapy for independent-living older adults. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;278:1321–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550160041036 Clark F, Jackson J, Carlson M, Chou C-P, Cherry BJ, Jordan-Marsh M, et al. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in promoting the well-being of independently living older people: results of the Well Elderly 2 Randomised Controlled Trial. [Erratum in: J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:1079-82]. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:782–90. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.099754 Coleman EA, Grothaus LC, Sandhu N, Wagner EH. Chronic Care Clinics: A randomized controlled trial of a model of primary care for frail older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:775–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03832.x Counsell SR, Callahan CM, Clark DO, Tu W, Buttar AB, Stump TE, et al. Geriatric care management for low-income seniors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2623–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.22.2623 Cutchin MP, Coppola S, Talley V, Svihula J, Catellier D, Shank KH. Feasibility and effects of preventive home visits for at-risk older people: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2009;9:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-54 Dalby DM, Sellors JW, Fraser FD, Fraser C, van Ineveld C, Howard M. Effect of preventive home visits by a nurse on the outcomes of frail elderly people in the community: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2000;162:497–500. de Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, Blauw GJ, Willems CG, Westendorp RG. Randomised controlled trial of unsolicited occupational therapy in community-dwelling elderly people: the LOTIS trial. PLoS Clin Trials 2006;1:e2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pctr.0010002 Dorresteijn TA, Zijlstra GA, Ambergen AW, Delbaere K, Vlaeyen JW, Kempen GI. Effectiveness of a home-based cognitive behavioral program to manage concerns about falls in community-dwelling, frail older people: results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2016;16:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0177-y Dupuy L, Froger C, Consel C, Sauzeon H. Everyday functioning benefits from an assisted living platform amongst frail older adults and their caregivers. Front Aging Neurosci 2017;9:302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00302 Fabacher D, Josephson K, Pietruszka F, Linderborn K, Morley JE, Rubenstein LZ. An in-home preventive assessment program for independent older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:630–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06862.x Fairhall N, Kurrle SE, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Lockwood K, John B, et al. Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention on preventing development of frailty in pre-frail older people: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007091. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007091 Faul AC, Yankeelov PA, Rowan NL, Gillette P, Nicholas LD, Borders KW, et al. Impact on geriatric assessment and self-management support on community-dwelling older adults with chronic illnesses. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009;52:230–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634370802609288 Fernandez-Barres S, Garcia-Barco M, Basora J, Martinez T, Pedret R, Arija V, et al. The efficacy of a nutrition education intervention to prevent risk of malnutrition for dependent elderly patients receiving Home Care: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2017;70:131–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.020 Fischer G, Sandholzer H, Perschke-Hartmann C. Final report of the scientific support of “Getting Healthy Elderly (GÄW)”. A prevention project of the AOK Lower Saxony.)[German] (Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung von "Gesund Älter Werden (GÄW)“). unpublished: AOK Niedersachsen; 2009. Ford AB, Katz S, Downs TD, Adams M. Results of long-term home nursing: the influence of disability. J Chronic Dis 1971;24:591–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(71)90047-6 Fox PJ, Breuer W, Wright JA. Effects of a health promotion program on sustaining health behaviors in older adults. Am J Prev Med 1997;13:257–64. Fristedt S, Nystedt P, Skogar O. Mobile geriatric teams - a cost-effective way of improving patient safety and reducing traditional healthcare utilization among the frail elderly? A randomized controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging 2019;14:1911–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S208388 Gene Huguet L, Navarro Gonzalez M, Kostov B, Ortega Carmona M, Colungo Francia C, Carpallo Nieto M, et al. Pre Frail 80: Multifactorial intervention to prevent progression of pre-frailty to frailty in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:1266–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1089-2 Gill TM, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Peduzzi PN, Allore H, Byers A. A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1068–74. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020423 Giné-Garriga M, Sansano-Nadal O, Tully MA, Caserotti P, Coll-Planas L, Rothenbacher D, et al. Accelerometer-measured sedentary and physical activity time and their correlates in European older adults: The SITLESS study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75:1754–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa016 Gitlin LN, Winter L, Dennis MP, Corcoran M, Schinfeld S, Hauck WW. A randomized trial of a multicomponent home intervention to reduce functional difficulties in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:809–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00703.x Grimmer K, Luker J, Beaton K, Kumar S, Crockett A, Price K. TRialing individualized interventions to prevent functional decline in at-risk older adults (TRIIFL): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial nested in a longitudinal observational study. Trials 2013;14:266. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-266 Gustafson DH, Kornfield R, Mares M-L, Johnston DC, Cody OJ, Yang EF, et al. Effect of an eHealth intervention on older adults' quality of life and health-related outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 2021;37:521–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06888-1 Gustafsson S, Eklund K, Wilhelmson K, Edberg A-K, Johansson B, Kronlöf GH, et al. Long-Term Outcome for ADL Following the Health-Promoting RCT—Elderly Persons in the Risk Zone. Gerontologist 2013;53:654–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns121 Hall N, De Beck P, Johnson D, Mackinnon K, Gutman G, Glick N. Randomized trial of a health promotion program for frail elders. Can J Aging 1992;11:72–91. Harari D, Iliffe S, Kharicha K, Egger M, Gillmann G, von Renteln-Kruse W, et al. Promotion of health in older people: a randomised controlled trial of health risk appraisal in British general practice. Age Ageing 2008;37:565–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn150 Hattori S, Yoshida T, Okumura Y, Kondo K. Effects of reablement on the independence of community-dwelling older adults with mild disability: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203954 Hay WI, van Ineveld C, Browne G, Roberts J, Bell B, Mills M, et al. Prospective care of elderly patients in family practice. Is screening effective? Can Fam Physician 1998;44:2677–87. Hebert R, Robichaud L, Roy PM, Bravo G, Voyer L. Efficacy of a nurse-led multidimensional preventive programme for older people at risk of functional decline. A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 2001;30:147–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.2.147 Henderson MJ. In-home preventive health assessment and telephone case management for over 75s living alone in independent living units: A cluster randomized controlled trial [PhD thesis]. Queensland: Queensland University of Technology; 2005. Hendriksen C, Lund E, Stromgard E. Consequences of assessment and intervention among elderly people: a three year randomised controlled trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289:1522–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.289.6457.1522 Hogg W, Lemelin J, Dahrouge S, Liddy C, Armstrong CD, Legault F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of anticipatory and preventive multidisciplinary team care: for complex patients in a community-based primary care setting. Can Fam Physician 2009;55:e76–85. Holland SK, Greenberg J, Tidwell L, Malone J, Mullan J, Newcomer R. Community-based health coaching, exercise, and health service utilization. J Aging Health 2005;17:697–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264305277959 Howel D, Moffatt S, Haighton C, Bryant A, Becker F, Steer M, et al. Does domiciliary welfare rights advice improve health-related quality of life in independent-living, socio-economically disadvantaged people aged >=60 years? Randomised controlled trial, economic and process evaluations in the North East of England. PLoS One 2019;14:e0209560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209560 Imhof L, Naef R, Wallhagen MI, Schwarz J, Mahrer-Imhof R. Effects of an advanced practice nurse in-home health consultation program for community-dwelling persons aged 80 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:2223–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12026 Jing L, Jin Y, Zhang X, Wang F, Song Y, Xing F. The effect of Baduanjin qigong combined with CBT on physical fitness and psychological health of elderly housebound. Medicine 2018;97:e13654. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013654 Jitapunkul S. A randomised controlled trial of regular surveillance in Thai elderly using a simple questionnaire administered by non-professional personnel. J Med Assoc Thai 1998;81:352–6. Kerse N, McLean C, Moyes SA, Peri K, Ng T, Wilkinson-Meyers L, et al. The cluster-randomized BRIGHT trial: Proactive case finding for community-dwelling older adults. Ann Fam Med 2014;12:514–24. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1696 King AII, Parsons M, Robinson E, Jorgensen D. Assessing the impact of a restorative home care service in New Zealand: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Health Soc Care Community 2012;20:365–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01039.x Kono A, Kai I, Sakato C, Harker JO, Rubenstein LZ. Effect of preventive home visits for ambulatory housebound elders in Japan: a pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004;16:293–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324554 Kono A, Kanaya Y, Fujita T, Tsumura C, Kondo T, Kushiyama K, et al. Effects of a preventive home visit program in ambulatory frail older people: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;67:302–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr176 Kono A, Izumi K, Yoshiyuki N, Kanaya Y, Rubenstein LZ. Effects of an updated preventive home visit program based on a systematic structured assessment of care needs for ambulatory frail older adults in Japan: A randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016;71:1631–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw068 Kukkonen-Harjula K, Karmeniemi P, Suikkanen S, Kaaria S, Sipila S, Pitkala K, et al. Long-term home-based physiotherapy for older people with signs of frailty-RCT (NCT02305433) [P-229]. Eur Geriatr Med 2017;8:S105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1878-7649(17)30179-1 Lambotte D, De Donder L, De Roeck EE, Hoeyberghs LJ, van der Vorst A, Duppen D, et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate a prevention program for frail community-dwelling older adults: a D-SCOPE protocol. BMC Geriatr 2018;18:194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0875-3 Leung AC-t, Liu C-p, Chow NW-s, Chi I. Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Case Management Project for the Community-Dwelling Frail Elderly in Hong Kong. J Appl Gerontol 2004;23:70–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464804263088 Leveille SG, Wagner EH, Davis C, Grothaus L, Wallace J, LoGerfo M, et al. Preventing disability and managing chronic illness in frail older adults: a randomized trial of a community-based partnership with primary care. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46:1191–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb04533.x Lewin G, De San Miguel K, Knuiman M, Alan J, Boldy D, Hendrie D, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the Home Independence Program, an Australian restorative home-care programme for older adults. Health Soc Care Community 2013;21:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2012.01088.x Liddle J, March L, Carfrae B, Finnegan T, Druce J, Schwarz J, et al. Can occupational therapy intervention play a part in maintaining independence and quality of life in older people? A randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996;20:574–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1996.tb01068.x Liimatta H, Lampela P, Laitinen-Parkkonen P, Pitkala KH. Effects of preventive home visits on health-related quality-of-life and mortality in home-dwelling older adults. Scand J Prim Health Care 2019;37:90–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2019.1569372 Loh DA, Hairi NN, Choo WY, Mohd Hairi F, Peramalah D, Kandiben S, et al. MultiComponent Exercise and theRApeutic lifeStyle (CERgAS) intervention to improve physical performance and maintain independent living among urban poor older people--a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2015;15:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0002-7 Lood Q, Gustafsson S, Dahlin Ivanoff S. Bridging barriers to health promotion: a feasibility pilot study of the ‘Promoting Aging Migrants' Capabilities study’. J Eval Clin Pract 2015;21:604–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12345 Mann J, Thompson F, McDermott R, Esterman A, Strivens E. Impact of an integrated community-based model of care for older people with complex conditions on hospital emergency presentations and admissions: a step-wedged cluster randomized trial. BMC Health Serv Res 2021;21:701. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06668-x Mann WC, Ottenbacher KJ, Fraas L, Tomita M, Granger CV. Effectiveness of assistive technology and environmental interventions in maintaining independence and reducing home care costs for the frail elderly. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Fam Med 1999;8:210–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfami.8.3.210 Markle-Reid M, Weir R, Browne G, Roberts J, Gafni A, Henderson S. Health promotion for frail older home care clients. J Adv Nurs 2006;54:381–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03817.x Melis RJ, van Eijken MI, Teerenstra S, van Achterberg T, Parker SG, Borm GF, et al. A randomized study of a multidisciplinary program to intervene on geriatric syndromes in vulnerable older people who live at home (Dutch EASYcare Study). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008;63:283–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.3.283 Meng H, Friedman B, Wamsley BR, Mukamel D, Eggert GM. Effect of a consumer-directed voucher and a disease-management-health-promotion nurse intervention on home care use. Gerontologist 2005;45:167–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.167 Messens L, Quinn S, Saez I, Cuidad Mas MJ, Squillace P, Laura A-G. Health monitoring and sOcial integration environMent for Supporting WidE ExTension of independent life at HOME (Home Sweet Home): Final Trial Evaluation Report no. D7.5. Antwerp: Zorgbedrijf Antwerpen; 2014. Metzelthin SF, Van Rossum E, De Witte LP, Ambergen AW, Hobma SO, Sipers W, et al. Effectiveness of interdisciplinary primary care approach to reduce disability in community dwelling frail older people: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;347:f5264. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5264 Moll van Charante EP, Richard E, Eurelings LS, van Dalen JW, Ligthart SA, van Bussel EF, et al. Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia (preDIVA): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;388:797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30950-3 Monteserin Nadal R, Altimir Losada S, Brotons Cuixart C, Padros Selma J, Santaeugenia Gonzalez S, Moral Pelaez I, et al. Randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of global geriatric assessment in primary care. [Spanish]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2008;43:5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0211-139x(08)71144-2 Morey MC, Ekelund C, Pearson M, Crowley G, Peterson M, Sloane R, et al. Project LIFE: a partnership to increase physical activity in elders with multiple chronic illnesses. J Aging Phys Act 2006;14:324–43. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.14.3.324 Morey MC, Peterson MJ, Pieper CF, Sloane R, Crowley GM, Cowper PA, et al. The Veterans Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders Study: a randomized trial of primary care–based physical activity counseling for older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:1166–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02301.x Morgan GS, Haase AM, Campbell RM, Ben-Shlomo Y. A pilot randomised controlled trial of physical activity facilitation for older adults: feasibility study findings. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019;5:40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0414-9 Newbury JW, Marley JE, Beilby JJ. A randomised controlled trial of the outcome of health assessment of people aged 75 years and over. Med J Aust 2001;175:104–7. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143541.x Newcomer R, Maravilla V, Faculjak P, Graves MT. Outcomes of preventive case management among high-risk elderly in three medical groups: a randomized clinical trial. Eval Health Prof 2004;27:323–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278704270011 Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2015;128:1225–36.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.017 Parsons J, Rouse P, Robinson EM, Sheridan N, Connolly MJ. Goal setting as a feature of homecare services for older people: does it make a difference? Age Ageing 2012;41:24–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afr118 Parsons M, Senior H, Kerse N, Chen MH, Jacobs S, Vanderhoorn S, et al. Should care managers for older adults be located in primary care? A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03763.x Parsons M, Senior H, Kerse N, Chen MH, Jacobs S, Anderson C. Randomised trial of restorative home care for frail older people in New Zealand. Nurs Older People 2017;29:27–33. https://doi.org/10.7748/nop.2017.e897 Pathy MS, Bayer A, Harding K, Dibble A. Randomised trial of case finding and surveillance of elderly people at home. Lancet 1992;340:890–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)93294-W Phelan EA, Balderson B, Levine M, Erro JH, Jordan L, Grothaus L, et al. Delivering effective primary care to older adults: a randomized, controlled trial of the senior resource team at group health cooperative. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:1748–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01416.x Ploeg J, Brazil K, Hutchison B, Kaczorowski J, Dalby DM, Goldsmith CH, et al. Effect of preventive primary care outreach on health related quality of life among older adults at risk of functional decline: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1480. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c1480 Profener F, Anders J, Dapp U, Minder CE, Golgert S, von Renteln-Kruse W. Acceptance of preventive home visits among frail elderly persons : Participants an non-participants in a Follow-up after 2 and 4 years within the LUCAS longitudinal study. [German]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2016;49:596–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-016-1127-9 Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, Carver D, MacPherson KM, Beanlands HE, Powell C, et al. A clinimetric evaluation of specialized geriatric care for rural dwelling, frail older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1080–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04783.x Romera-Liebana L, Orfila F, Segura JM, Real J, Fabra ML, Möller M, et al. Effects of a primary care-based multifactorial intervention on physical and cognitive function in frail, elderly individuals: A randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018;73:1688‐74. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx259 Rooijackers TH, Kempen GIJM, Zijlstra GAR, van Rossum E, Koster A, Lima Passos V, et al. Effectiveness of a reablement training program for homecare staff on older adults' sedentary behavior: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021;69:2566–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17286 Rubenstein LZ, Alessi CA, Josephson KR, Trinidad Hoyl M, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM. A randomized trial of a screening, case finding, and referral system for older veterans in primary care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:166–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01044.x Ryvicker M, Feldman PH, Rosati RJ, Sobolewski S, Maduro GA, Jr., Schwartz T. Improving functional outcomes in home care patients: impact and challenges of disseminating a quality improvement initiative. J Healthc Qual 2011;33:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-1474.2011.00156.x Serra-Prat M, Sist X, Domenich R, Jurado L, Saiz A, Roces A, et al. Effectiveness of an intervention to prevent frailty in pre-frail community-dwelling older people consulting in primary care: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2017;46:401‐7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw242 Shapiro A, Taylor M. Effects of a community-based early intervention program on the subjective well-being, institutionalization, and mortality of low-income elders. Gerontologist 2002;42:334–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.3.334 Sherman H, Soderhielm-Blid S, Forsberg C, Karp A, Tornkvist L. Effects of preventive home visits by district nurses on self-reported health of 75-year-olds. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2016;17:56–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423614000565 Siemonsma PC, Blom JW, Hofstetter H, van Hespen ATH, Gussekloo J, Drewes YM, et al. The effectiveness of functional task exercise and physical therapy as prevention of functional decline in community dwelling older people with complex health problems. BMC Geriatr 2018;18:164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0859-3 Stewart S, Harvey I, Poland F, Lloyd-Smith W, Mugford M, Flood C. Are occupational therapists more effective than social workers when assessing frail older people? Results of CAMELOT, a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2005;34:41–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afh230 Stuck AE, Aronow HU, Steiner A, Alessi CA, Bula CJ, Gold MN, et al. A trial of annual in-home comprehensive geriatric assessments for elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1184–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199511023331805 Stuck AE, Minder CE, Peter-Wuest I, Gillmann G, Egli C, Kesselring A, et al. A randomized trial of in-home visits for disability prevention in community-dwelling older people at low and high risk for nursing home admission. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:977–86. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.7.977 Stuck AE, Moser A, Morf U, Wirz U, Wyser J, Gillmann G, et al. Effect of health risk assessment and counselling on health behaviour and survival in older people: a pragmatic randomised trial. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001889 Suijker JJ, van Rijn M, Buurman BM, Ter Riet G, Moll van Charante EP, de Rooij SE. Effects of nurse-led multifactorial care to prevent disability in community-living older people: Cluster randomized trial. PLoS One 2016;11:e0158714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158714 Szanton SL, Thorpe RJ, Boyd C, Tanner EK, Leff B, Agree E, et al. Community aging in place, advancing better living for elders: a bio-behavioral-environmental intervention to improve function and health-related quality of life in disabled older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:2314–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03698.x Szanton SL, Xue QL, Leff B, Guralnik J, Wolff JL, Tanner EK, et al. Effect of a biobehavioral environmental approach on disability among low-income older adults: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2019;179:204–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6026 Takahashi PY, Pecina JL, Upatising B, Chaudhry R, Shah ND, Van Houten H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in older adults with multiple health issues to prevent hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:773–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.256 Teut M, Schnabel K, Baur R, Kerckhoff A, Reese F, Pilgram N, et al. Effects and feasibility of an Integrative Medicine program for geriatric patients-a cluster-randomized pilot study. Clin Interv Aging 2013;8:953‐61. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S45242 Thiel C, Braun T, Grüneberg C. Physical training as core component of multimodal treatment of older frail people-study protocol of a randomized controlled pilot study. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2019;52:45‐60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-018-1443-3 Thomas R, Worrall G, Elgar F, Knight J. Can they keep going on their own? A four-year randomized trial of functional assessments of community residents. Can J Aging 2007;26:379–90. https://doi.org/10.3138/cja.26.4.379 Tomita MR, Mann WC, Stanton K, Tomita AD, Sundar V. Use of currently available smart home technology by frail elders: process and outcomes. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2007;23. https://doi.org/10.1097/00013614-200701000-00005 Tulloch AJ, Moore V. A randomized controlled trial of geriatric screening and surveillance in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1979;29:733–40. Tuntland H, Aaslund MK, Espehaug B, Førland O, Kjeken I. Reablement in community-dwelling older adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2015;15:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0142-9 van der Pols-Vijlbrief R, Wijnhoven HAH, Bosmans JE, Twisk JWR, Visser M. Targeting the underlying causes of undernutrition. Cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial personalized intervention in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2017;36:1498–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.030 van Dongen EJ, Haveman-Nies A, Doets EL, Dorhout BG, de Groot LC. Effectiveness of a diet and resistance exercise intervention on muscle health in older adults: ProMuscle in Practice. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:1065–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.11.026 van Heuvelen MJ, Hochstenbach JB, Brouwer WH, de Greef MH, Zijlstra GA, van Jaarsveld E, et al. Differences between participants and non-participants in an RCT on physical activity and psychological interventions for older persons. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:236‐45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324603 van Hout HP, Jansen AP, van Marwijk HW, Pronk M, Frijters DF, Nijpels G. Prevention of adverse health trajectories in a vulnerable elderly population through nurse home visits: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN05358495]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:734–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq037 van Leeuwen KM, Bosmans JE, Jansen AP, Hoogendijk EO, Muntinga ME, van Hout HP, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a chronic care model for frail older adults in primary care: Economic evaluation alongside a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63:2494–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13834 van Lieshout MRJ, Bleijenberg N, Schuurmans MJ, de Wit NJ. The effectiveness of a PRoactive multicomponent intervention program on disability in independently living older people: A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:1051–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1101-x van Rossum E, Frederiks CM, Philipsen H, Portengen K, Wiskerke J, Knipschild P. Effects of preventive home visits to elderly people. BMJ 1993;307:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6895.27 Vass M, Avlund K, Lauridsen J, Hendriksen C. Feasible model for prevention of functional decline in older people: municipality-randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:563–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53201.x Vetter NJ, Jones DA, Victor CR. Effect of health visitors working with elderly patients in general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;288:369–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.288.6414.369 von Bonsdorff MB, Leinonen R, Kujala UM, Heikkinen E, Törmäkangas T, Hirvensalo M, et al. Effect of physical activity counseling on disability in older people: A 2-year randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:2188–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02000.x Wallace JI, Buchner DM, Grothaus L, Leveille S, Tyll L, LaCroix AZ, et al. Implementation and effectiveness of a community-based health promotion program for older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998;53:M301–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/53a.4.m301 Walters K, Frost R, Kharicha K, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Ricciardi F, et al. Home-based health promotion for older people with mild frailty: the HomeHealth intervention development and feasibility RCT. Health Technol Assess 2017;21:1–128. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta21730 Whitehead PJ, Walker MF, Parry RH, Latif Z, McGeorge ID, Drummond AE. Occupational Therapy in HomEcare Re-ablement Services (OTHERS): results of a feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6:e011868. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011868 Williams EI, Greenwell J, Groom LM. The care of people over 75 years old after discharge from hospital: an evaluation of timetabled visiting by Health Visitor Assistants. J Public Health Med 1992;14:138–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a042711 Wolter A, Stolle C, Roth G, Rothgang H. Does the resident care assessment instrument improve long-term home care? - results of a nation-wide study in Germany. [German]. Gesundheitswesen 2013;75:29–32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1309013 Wong AKC, Wong FKY, Chang K. Effectiveness of a community-based self-care promoting program for community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 2019;48:852–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz095 Yamada Y, Ikegami N. Preventive home visits for community- dwelling frail elderly people based on minimum data set-home care: randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2003;3:236–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-1586.2003.00103.x